A toolbox for patient pathways (last updated 2026-01-29)

This toolbox is designed to support healthcare professionals, researchers, and others working to make healthcare more patient‑centered and better coordinated. It provides structured methods, practical templates, step‑by‑step guidance, and illustrative example cases. For an overview of the content and further explanations on the topic including the definitions of patient pathways and patient journeys, we recommend starting with the Handbook (coming soon).

The logo of the Pathway project

Formalism and templates

The Pathway formalism builds on the foundations of CJML and extends it with a healthcare-specific module. This extension supports the modeling of patient pathways by adding a wider set of actor types, levels, and roles relevant to the healthcare domain.


Case studies

The following cases are drawn from real clinical settings. Click a case number to open (or download) a PowerPoint file. Primarily focused on kidney cancer and MS, conducted between 2022 and 2025 in Norway or Finland. Relevant methods corresponding to each case are indicated to the right.

Link

Brief description of case

Reference

🔶 Case 1

Mapping of an individual patient journey – kidney cancer – where the disease was incidentally discovered

Method 2

🔶 Case 2

Mapping of a patient pathway in specialist care – kidney cancer – from a urology department

Method 3

🔶 Case 3

Mapping of patient pathway – kidney cancer – with expert evaluation (Finland)

Method 3

🔶 Case 4

Mapping of patient pathway – MS – and statistical analysis of a digital care pathway (Finland)

Method 3

🔶 Case 5

Survey about patient pathways – cross-disease – with healthcare professionals (Finland)

🔶 Case 6

Investigating critical incidents (positive and negative) as seen from the patients’ perspectives – a study with cancer patients

Method 1

🔶 Case 7

Mapping of an individual patient journey – kidney cancer – followed over 11 months, including referral delays and surgery

Method 2

🔶 Case 8

Mapping of an individual patient journey – MS – followed over five months, including GP contact, specialist referrals, treatment, and follow-up.

Method 2

🔶 Case 9

Mapping and modeling of patient pathway – MS – transition from primary to specialist care

Method 7

🔶 Case 10

Mapping and modeling of patient pathways – MS – rehabilitation care including referral

Method 7

🔶 Case 11

Interview study focusing on clinicians’ perspectives on fragmented, cross-level coordination in real-world practice in neurology

Method 8

🔶 Case 12

Study of patient pathways in neurology care, using a service-dominant logic perspective

Method 2,3,8


Methods

The methods are practice-oriented and include guidelines, interview guides, survey questions, etc. Some materials are available in both English and Norwegian. Click the link to open/download a Powerpoint.

Link

Brief description of method

Ref.

🔷 Method 1

Critical Incident Technique captures positive and negative patient experiences, engaging patients via digital workshops. Includes guidelines for conducting the workshop, analysing and categorization of incidents.

Case 6

🔷 Method 2

Patient Journey Analysis maps and models individual experiences over extended periods. Guidelines and materials for the start interview, diary study, and debriefing interview are included.

Case 1, Case 7, Case 8

🔷 Method 3

Mapping and modeling of pathways (kidney cancer) working iteratively with healthcare professionals to examine interactions with actors across care settings. The pathway enables comparison with actual patient journeys to identify gaps and inefficiencies.

Case 2, Case 3

🔷 Method 4

Patient journey disruptions provide a systematic way to describe and analyze situations where coordination, information flow, or support fails. The method helps identify obstacles to integrated care.

🔷 Method 5

Comprehensive survey targeting patients focusing on how they experience coordination and care integration across services. The survey provides system-level insight into strengths and gaps in integrated care.

🔷 Method 6

Expert evaluation – extending CJML. This method evaluates pathways through iterative expert assessment using kidney cancer care, to identify limitations and propose extensions to the language.

Case 3

🔷 Method 7

Mapping and modeling of MS pathways working iteratively with healthcare professionals to examine interactions with actors across care settings. The pathway enables comparison with actual patient journeys to identify gaps and inefficiencies.

Case 9, Case 10

🔷 Method 8

Validated interview guide adapts CPSET into a qualitative interview guide to study how healthcare professionals describe and organize patient pathways across levels of care.

Case 11

🔷 Method 9

Patient-reported classification of healthcare actors. This method draws on patient journey analyses to identify and classify actors, as patients describe them. A classification framework of eleven categories is provided.

Case 1, Case 7, Case 8

🔷 Method 10

Interview guide to explore how healthcare professionals understand and use patient pathways in practice, focusing on definitions, coordination challenges, and standardisation across roles and levels of care.


Supporting publications from the Pathway project

Survey on patients’ perceptions on care integration: Patients’ Perceptions of Care Integration in Multiple Sclerosis Care in Finland: A Cross-Sectional National Survey by Vesinurm, M., Sylgren, I., Vehkamäki, A., Laakso, S. M., Mäkitie, L., & Torkki, P. (Preprint, 2025)

Exploration of process modelling approaches for complex patient processes: Modelling Complex Patient Proceses in a Multi-Producer Environment. A Design Science Approach Using Patient-Centered Modelling for Kidney Cancer Care Process by Miettinen, E. (Master’s Thesis, Aalto University, 2025)

Cancer patients’ experiences with their patient journeys: “I Became the Messenger Between the Hospitals”: A Study on the Journeys of People With Cancer Using the Critical Incident Technique by Halvorsrud, R., Melby, L., Gjermestad, K., Bogale, B., & Solem, I. K. L. (Health Expectations, 28(2), e70211, 2025)

Doctoral thesis: Managing Complex Patient Journeys: A Healthcare Operations Management Perspective by Vesinurm, M. (Doctoral Thesis, 2025)

Introducing Patient Disruptions: Concept Analysis of Patient Journey Disruptions: The Obstacle of Integrated Care by Vesinurm, M., Sylgren, I., Bengts, A., Torkki, P., & Lillrank, P. (Journal of Integrated Care, 32(5), 37–58, 2024)

Multiple sclerosis patients’ use of a digital care pathway: Effects of a Digital Care Pathway for Multiple Sclerosis: Observational Study by Vesinurm, M., Maunula, A., Olli, P., Lillrank, P., Ijäs, P., Torkki, P., Mäkitie, L., & Laakso, S. (JMIR Human Factors, 11(1), e51872, 2024)

Cancer patients’ ways of keeping overview of their patient journeys: How Do Cancer Patients Keep Track of Their Patient Journeys? by Larsen, A. G., Halvorsrud, R., Solem, I. K. L., & Melby, L. K. (Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 316, 325–326, 2024)

Healthcare workers’ perspectives on visual modeling: Visual Modeling of Multiple Sclerosis Patient Pathways: The Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives by Bogale, B., Solem, I. K. L., Celius, E. G., & Halvorsrud, R. In Särestöniemi, M., Keikhosrokiani, P., Singh, D., Harjula, E., Tiulpin, A., & Jansson, M. (eds) (Digital Health and Wireless Solutions). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024, pp. 303–317.

Modeling kidney cancer pathways: Dual-Perspective Modeling of Patient Pathways: A Case Study on Kidney Cancer by Larsen, A. M. G., Halvorsrud, R., Berg, R. E., & Vesinurm, M. In Särestöniemi, M. et al. (eds) (Digital Health and Wireless Solutions). Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 2084. Springer, Cham, 2024.

Utilisation of patient pathways in Finland: Explorative Study on the Utilization of Patient Pathways in Finnish Public Healthcare by Eklund, A., Vesinurm, M., & Torkki, P. In Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2024, pp. 3317–3325.

MedInfo 2025 short-paper: Towards a Formal Framework for Modeling Patient Journeys by Ragnhild Halvorsrud, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Brian Elvesæter, Line Melby

MedInfo 2025 short-paper: Patient Pathways Inefficiencies in Neurology Care: Providers’ Perspectives by Binyam Bogale, Ingrid Konstanse Ledel Solem, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Elisabeth G. Celius, and Ragnhild Halvorsrud.

Journal paper: Introducing patient disruptions. “Concept analysis of patient journey disruptions: the obstacle of integrated care” by Vesinurm, Märt; Inka Sylgren; Bengts, Annika; Torkki, Paulus; Lillrank , Paul (2024)